Chronic heat stress in Iranian fat-tailed ram lambs: clinical and paraclinical parameters

The effect of heat stress on physiological parameters has been well documented. However, there are reports of a genetic based heat tolerance in some sheep breeds. The aim of the present study was to monitor the physiological responses of an Iranian fat-tailed breed against heat stress and an acute stress insult. A total number of 15 fall-born ram lambs were selected and subjected to direct summer solar radiation throughout the day [May 2009 to February 2010]. Ten lambs were semi-castrated in October to see the physiologic response of animals to an acute stress. The general parameter as well as blood chemistry and cortisol were analyzed during the study. The results showed that all physiologic parameters had significant changes; however, their values were in normal range. The fact that the animals in the present study experienced their first exposure of heat stress and a significant increase in serum cortisol concentration in semicastrated lambs in October, compared to the respected values in the hottest months of the experiment, may indicate a genetic based adaptability of the breed in Iran. The present study shows the dynamic changes of general and biochemical parameters in response to chronic heat stress and an acute stress that raises a possible tolerance of the breed against heat stress

[Modified Fenton oxidation of pyrene in contaminated soils using iron nano oxides]

Problems related to conventional Fenton oxidation, including neccesity of having a low pH and production of considerable amounts of sludge, have prompted researchers to consider chelating agents to improve the pH operating range and iron nano-oxide particles to reduce excess sludge. The main objective of this study was to remove pyrene from contaminated soils by a modified Fenton oxidation method at neutral pH. Experiments were conducted using various concentrations of H2O2 [0-500 mM], iron nano-oxides [0-60 mM], reaction times [0.5-24 hours] and several chelating agents, namely, sodium pyrophosphate, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, sodium citrate, fulvic and humic acids, to eliminate pyrene from soil [concentrations of 100-500 mg/kg]. The efficiency of removal of pyrene at an initial concentration of 100 mg/kg was 99% at the following reaction conditions: H2O2 and iron nano-oxide concentrations of 300 mM and 30 mM, respectively; pH=3; and a reaction time of 6 hours. The initial pyrene concentration of 100 mg/kg decreased to 7 mg/kg at optimum conditions using sodium pyrophosphate as the chelating agent at pH 7. The modified Fenton oxidation method, using iron nano-oxide at optimum conditions as defined in this research, is an efficient alternative for chemical remediation or pre-treatment of soils contaminated with pyrene at neutral pH

[Photocatalytic removal of escherichia coli and streptococcus faecalis from water using immobilized ZnO nanoparticles]

Among different water treatment methods, photocatalytic process is applied as a new efficient technology with appropriate potential to remove inorganic, organic and microbial contaminants from water. This study aimed to evaluate photocatalytic removal of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis bacteria as microbial indicators of drinking water using immobilized ZnO nanoparticles on glass plates. In this study, at first characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscope [SEM] equipped with EDX system and X-ray diffraction [XRD], then ZnO nanoparticles were immobilized on glass plates using thermal method. The water samples containing the studied bacteria were irradiated by different intensities of UV-A and the effects of intensity and duration of irradiation, number of bacteria, number of immobilized ZnO nanoparticles layers, and reactor flow on the photocatalytic removal of the bacteria were evaluated. The optimal photocatalytic removal for both Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis bacteria using one layer of immobilized ZnO nanoparticles, under 360 microWs/cm[2] UV-A radiation for 2-40 and 2-50 minutes was 10-1000 CFU/100 ml. Photocatalytic process efficiency was promoted by increasing the duration and intensity of radiation intensity up to 360microWs/cm[2] and was decreased by increasing the numbers of bacteria. In addition, Streptococcus faecalis bacteria were more resistant to photocatalytic process than Escherichia coli. photocatalytic removal of bacterial contaminations using immobilized ZnO nanoparticles on glass plates is a novel technology and effective process that could be considered for water disinfection

[Isolation and identification of brucella species from blood samples of the patients with brucellosis by biochemical, PCR and serological methods in Kurdistan Province]

Brucellosis is a major cause of zoonosis and is endemic in Kurdistan Province in Iran. The purpose of this study was to isolate Brucella species from brucellosis patients and identify different species of this bacterium in order to determine the prevalence of these species in Kurdistan Province. 60 blood samples were obtained from brucellosis patients with clinical symptoms of the disease in Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj. The samples were cultured in BACTEC medium and incubated at 35 0C for 5 days. Then, the samples were cultured on Brucella agar for 3 days. For detection of the bacteria we used catalase, oxidase and urease tests, PCR, Gram stain and media with various dilutions of Thionin and Fuschin dyes. Also we used agglutination test for identification of Brucella species. 18 Brucella strains were isolated from 60 blood samples of the patients. PCR and biochemical methods revealed that all the 18 isolated bacteria were Brucella melitensis.The results of agglutination test showed that 14 bacteria belonged to biovar 1 and 4 bacteria to biovar 3. This study showed a high prevalence of brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis in Kurdistan Province and efforts in this region should be aimed at the eradication of this bacterium

Application of microwave irradiation for the treatment of adsorbed volatile organic compounds on granular activated carbon

The purpose of this laboratory scale experimental research was to investigate the application of integrated microwave irradiation and granular activated carbon adsorption for removing volatile organic compounds [VOCs] from emissions released from industrial processes and considered major pollutants of the environment. A stream containing 300 ppm toluene was supplied and passed through the granular activated carbon [GAC]. The saturated adsorbent was placed in a quartz glass reactor and treated by microwave [MW] irradiation at heating frequency of 2450 MHz at different power levels. Adsorption capacity was evaluated through breakthrough curves and the residue analyzed by gas chromatography. Breakthrough results showed that the high relative humidity of the inlet gaseous stream could lead to decreased GAC adsorption capacity. We found that GAC could absorb microwave irradiation and dissipate heating energy increasing its temperature up to 600 Degree C in a short time mainly depending on the microwave power level. Our experimental results indicated that most of the toluene vapor passed over GAC was decomposed under 900 watt microwave irradiation after around 10 minutes. The addition of water vapor in the inlet stream slightly decreased pollutant removal rate over the GAC while the overall oxidation removal remain the same compared to stream with low content of water vapor. Adsorption isotherms showed that GAC surface area and porosity values increased slightly under microwave irradiation. We concluded that simultaneous application of GAC and microwave irradiation may be an effective approach for removing VOCs from gaseous stream

Hypotensive effect of Achillea wilhelmsii aqueous-ethanolic extract in rabbit

For many years in herbal medicine the antihypertensive and lowering blood lipid properties of Achillea wilhelmsii [A. wilhelmsii] have been suggested. In the present study the impacts of the plant extract on rabbit's blood pressure and heart rate have been investigated. Twelve NWZ rabbits weighed 2-3 kg were randomly divided into two groups of 6 rabbits. The test group received A. wilhelmsii extract [20, 40 and 80 mg/kg] and the control group received normal saline by jugular vein cannula. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured via carotid cannula using pressure transducer connected to a power lab system. The blood pressure was significantly decreased [16.7+/- 1.4 mmHg] in 80 mg/kg dose of the extract [p<0.05]. However, there were not any significant effects on heart rate in the other doses of the extract or normal saline. The aqueous-ethanolic extract has blood pressure lowering property which may due to cardiac depressant and/or vasorelaxant effects

[Investigation of E. coli removal from polluted water using electrolysis method]

The conventional chemical and physicalmethods for water disinfection include the application of ultraviolet [UV], chlorination, and ozonation. Water disinfection by electrochemical methods has been increasingly carried out recently. The goal of this applied - analytical research is to investigate the removal of E. coli bacteria, as the index of water microbial contamination, from drinking water by electrochemistry method. In this study, the contaminated water sample was prepared through adding 102 and 103 E. coli bacteria per ml of drinking water. The contaminated water entered into the electrochemical reactor and different conditions were studied, included pH [6, 7, and 8], number of bacterium [102 and 103 per milliliter], time [5, 10, 20, and 40 min], distance between electrodes [2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 cm], and voltage [10, 20, 30, and 40 volts]. The findings indicated the indirect correlation between bacteria removal efficiency and the variable distances between two electrode. The results indicated the direct correlation between bacteria removal efficiency and the variables voltage and electrolysis times. The results showed that the best conditions for removal of 102 and 103 bacteria per milliliter obtained at pH 7, electrolysis time of 10 min, distance between electrodes 2 cm, in the voltage 20 and 30 volts, respectively. The results of this study indicate that voltage and electrolysis time have the most significant effect on electrolysis efficiency. Research findings showed that electrolysis is a promising method for removal of E. coli bacterium from drinking water

Isolation and characterization of a novel denitrifying bacterium with high nitrate removal: Pseudomonas stutzeri

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize a high efficiency denitrifier bacterium for reducing nitrate in wastewater. Six denitrifier bacteria with nitrate removal activities were isolated from a petrochemical industry effluent with high salinity and high nitrogen concentrations without treatment. The isolated bacteria were tested for nitrate reomoval activity. One of the bacterium displayed the highest reduction of nitrate. The strain was preliminarily identified using biochemical tests and further identified based on similarity of PCR-16S rRNA using universal primers. Biochemical and molecular experiments showed that the best bacterium with high nitrate removal potential was Pseudomonas stutzeri, a member of the alpha subclass of the class Proteobacteria. The extent of nitrate removal efficiency was 99% at 200 mg/L NO[3] and the nitrite content of the effluent was in the prescribed limit. The experiments showed the ability of Pseudomonas stutzeri to rapidly remove nitrate under anoxic conditions. The strain showed to be potentially good candidate for biodenitrification of high nitrate solutions

[Hydrogenotrophic denitrification of water using zero valent iron Nano particles]

Nitrate is a water contaminant that can cause health problems in human and animals, in addition to eutrophication of the water body. So, Nitrate-contaminated water may be treated by treatment systems. In this study, hydrogenotrophic denitrification using hydrogen produced by Fe[0] as an electron donor to nitrate removal was evaluated to assess the feasibility of employing Fe[0] in the biological nitrate treatment. Batch experiments were conducted using 250 ml amber bottles at 20-35°C under anoxic conditions. The nitrate concentration in each reactor was 20 mg N/L and triplicate samples were prepared for the following treatment: Fe[0] plus cells, Fe[0] only, and control. The effect of Fe[+2] and temperature on nitrate reduction was evaluated. 97 percent of Nitrate was reduced within 2 day in a Fe[0]-cell reactor, while only 30% of the nitrate was abiotically reduced over 2 day at 30°C. Fe[+2], which is produced during anaerobic iron corrosion in the Fe[0]-cell system, might act as an electron donor for nitrate. Abiotic reduction and microbial reduction of nitrate was significantly affected by temperature conditions. The reduction rate decreased as the temperature deceased. This study demonstrated the potential applicability of employing Fe[0] as a source of electrons for biological nitrate reduction. Use of Fe[0] for microbial nitrate reduction can obviate the disadvantages associated with traditional biological denitrification that relies on the use of organic substrates or explosive hydrogen gas

[Effect of eight weeks of aerobic and progressive exercises on changes of estrogen hormone and effective factors on bone mass in menopaused sedentary women]

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks of aerobic and progressive exercises on blood estrogen and other factors affecting bone density in postmenopausal women. Twenty postmenopausal women, with average of age and height and weight of 51/05 +/- 0/22yr, 164/5 +/- 1/09cm and 67/30 +/- 0/85 kg respectively, who had no regular daily physical activity, voluntarily participated in the study. Subjects were randomly divided into two the experimental and the control, groups. Experimental group exercises included eight-weeks of aerobic interval running three sessions per week, with progressive intensity and time. Blood and urine samples were taken before starting the exercise period, to calculate levels of estrogen, calcitonin, paratormon hormones, calcium and phosphorus from the former, and levels of calcium and phosphorus from the lather. Eight weeks of progressive and aerobic exercises caused a significant change in the amount of estrogen [17.6 +/- 4.22 to 27.9 +/- 8.64], parathormon [20.8 +/- 3.58 to 19.2 +/- 1.98] hormones, blood calcium [9.44 +/- 0.24 to 8.8 +/- 0.71], phosphorus [3.87 +/- 0.38 to 4.23 +/- 0.25] and urine phosphorus [61.22 +/- 4.43 to 42.16 +/- 10.06], whereas no significant change was seen in the amount of calcitonin hormone [3.94 +/- 3.36 to 4.84 +/- 1.96] and urine calcium [9.74 +/- 0.68 to 9.35 +/- 1.30]. Based on the results, it seems that long progressive physical exercises, especially weight bearing ones, can be effective in increasing the estrogen level, thereby preventing ostheoprothesis, and also preserving bone salts [calcium and blood phosphorus], by causing hormonal changes effective on these salts[calcitonin and parathormone]

[Degradation of transformer oils by photolysis in order to reduce occupational and environmental hazards]

Polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] are toxic, persistent, bio-accumulate and pose a risk of causing adverse effects on human health and to the environment. PCB compounds exert varios impacts on human depending upon age, route of entry, intensity and frequency of exposure. This study was conducted to determine the effect of UV-C, hydrogen peroxide and solvent on the photodegradation of PCBs. The photochemical reactor was of annular geometry [500 ml volume] with a cylindrical low-pressure mercury lamp emitting at 254 nm. The power emitted by the lamp was 6 W. The whole lamp was immersed into a reactor with temperature of 32 +/- 2 C. The PCBs were analyzed by GC/ECD equipment. The degradation of total PCBs in terms of one, two and three lamps was 77.5%, 82.9% and 85.2% respectively. The degradation of total PCBs in terms of not using of H[2]O[2] and using 10% and 20% of H[2]O[2] were 74.5%, 79% and 94.5% respectively. The results of this experiments showed that UVC-photolysis of H[2]O[2] leads to a degradation efficiency of PCBs only in the presence of ethanol

[Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using ZnO nano-particles]

Textile industrial wastewaters are one of the important sources of environmental contaminants. In the recent years, use of advanced oxidation processes, by producing highly active and reactive components such as hydroxyl radicals has been proposed. The aim of this research is photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using the ZnO-nanoparticle with UVA irradiation. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue color using the ZnO- nanoparticles excited with UVA irradiation. In this research, photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye was study using different concentration of ZnO-nanoparticles under UVA irradiation in a batch reactor. The results of this research show that removal of methylene blue dye has direct correlation with UVA intensity. The best results of dye degradation were reported in concentration of 150[mg/L] ZnO nano-particles and the radiation intensity of 240 micro W/cm[2]. Rate of dye removal was decrease with increasing of color concentration. Subsequent of color degradation, the initial COD were decresed by%60. The photocatalytic degradation process using ZnO nano-particles under UVA irradiation could be remove the methylene blue dye and 60% of COD

Prednisolone as a new approach for treatment of HTLV-1 associated polyneuropathy

We have previously shown the implication of HTLV-1 in polyneuropathy in a HTLV-1 endemic area in Mashhad. Treatment with corticosteroids [prednisolone and methylprednisolone] have been recommended for HTLV-1 associated diseases. In the current study we attempted to evaluate the efficiency of prednisolone in HTLV-1 associated polyneuropathy. All recognized cases of HTLV-1 polyneuropathy admitted to Imam Reza Hospital [between 1999-2004] were selected for the study. The other common causes of polyneuropathy were excluded using biochemical, hematological, and neurologic examination. Anti-HTLV1 IgG assays were carried out and positive anti-HTLV-1 results were then confirmed by Western Blot Analyzing. All of the HTLV-1 associated polyneuropathy patients were given prednisolone, 1mg/ kg and tapering 5mg/ per week, for three month. Muscle force and paresthesia of all cases were returned to normal pattern. This therapeutic regimen led to reduction of disease severity. Muscle force increased to V/V and paresthesia of all cases were severely decreased. The results of present study suggest that immunosuppressive treatment is very effective for HTLV-1 associated polyneuropathy patients

Photocatalytic decomposition of gaseous toluene by TIO[2] nanoparticles coated on activated carbon

Volatile organic compounds are considered as a group of major environmental pollutants and toluene is recognized as one of the representatives. In this research, the photocatalytic activity for toluene removal was studied over TiO2 nanoparticles embeded on activated carbon. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor equipped with 4 w and 8 w UV lamps [peak wavelength at 365 nm] to determine the oxidation rates of toluene. The photocatalyst was extensively characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and scan electronmicroscopy. Experiments were conducted under general laboratory temperature [25°C +/- 2] while the irradiation was provided by the UV lamps. The dependence of the reaction rate on light intensity as well as the deactivation of the catalyst were determined. The results indicated that the rate of the photocatalytic process increased with increasing the intensity of UV irradiation. Using the UV-A lamps, the decomposition rate of toluene was 98%. The stabilized photocatalyst presented remarkable stability [no deactivation and excellent repeatability]. The catalyst could be regenerated by UV irradiation in the absence of gas phase. The control experiments confirmed that the photocatalytic effects of toluene onto the TiO2/activated carbon catalysts in the dark conditions were negligible. Reproducibility tests proved that the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst remains intact even after several experiments of new added toluene quantities. The study demonstrated that the TiO2/activated carbon catalyst may be a practical and promising way to degrade the toluene under ultraviolet irradiation

Photochemical oxidation of reactive blue 19 dye [RB19] in textile wastewater by UV/K[2]S[2]O[8] process

In textile industry, advanced oxidation processes are used for degrading and removing color from dye baths which allow wastewater reuse. In this study, photochemical oxidation processes [UV-A/K2S2O8, UV-C/K2S2O8] and chemical oxidation process [dark/K2S2O8], were investigated in a laboratory scale photoreactor for decolorization of the Reactive blue 19 [RB19] dye from synthetic textile wastewater. The effects of operating parameters such as potassium persulphate dosage, pH, reaction time and UV source, on decolorization have been evaluated. The results of direct chemical oxidation showed that 50% of the dye was been removed using K2S2O8 in dark condition after 5h reaction time and photochemical oxidation showed that UV-C irradiation is more effective than UV-A for RB19 dye removal. The RB19 solution was completely decolorized under optimal potassium persulphate dosage of 5mmol/L and low-pressure mercury UV-C lamps [15w] in less than 30min. UV/K2S2O8 experiments showed higher color removal performance under acidic conditions [pH=3], and in this condition with 5mmol/L of potassium persulphate, 78.5% COD has been removed after 3h irradiation time. The decolorization rate fitted to pseudo-first order kinetics with respect of dye concentration. The reaction rate constants for photochemical degradation of RB19 were 0.014 and 0.237 for UV-A/K2S2O8 and UV-C/K2S2O8 processes respectively

Application of impregnated almond shell activated carbon by zinc and zinc sulfate for nitrate removal from water

In this study impregnated almond shell activated carbon by Zn° and ZnSO[4] were used as adsorbent with a particle size of 10-20 mesh. The objective of this research was to determine the ability of impregnated activated carbon in nitrate removal. The modified activated carbon had 1mm effective size, with a uniformity coefficient of 1.18. Potassium nitrate solution was used in batch adsorption experiments for nitrate removal from water. The effects of nitrate concentration, activated carbon dosage and time of contact were studied. Experimental data showed that modified activated carbon by Zn° and ZnSO[4] was more effective than virgin almond activated carbon for nitrate removal. The maximum nitrate removal was 64%-80% and 5%-42% for modified activated carbon and virgin activated carbon, respectively. While virgin activated carbon used, nitrate-N decreased from 20 to 15mg/L in 30min reaction. The final nitrate concentration was not in the standard range of WHO recommendations for water quality; while impregnated activated carbons were used, nitrate drcreased to <10mg/L. Maximum removal was over 16-17mg nitrate-N per 1g activated carbon for impregnated activated carbon. The experiments were conducted at pH=6.2, 20°C and initial concentrations of 20mg/L nitrate-N. Increase in modified activated carbon dosage increased the nitrate removal efficiency. The equilibrium time was found to be 45min for modified activated carbon

Comparative and differential study of Passiflora incarnata L. and Passiflora caerulea L. in raw plants and pharmaceutical dosage forms

Passiflora has several species that two of them named P. incarnata and P. caerulea are cultivated in Iran. Many investigations have been carried out on therapeutic effects of the genus but only P. incarnata is approved for use in pharmaceutical dosage forms for anxiety and insomnia. The purpose of this study is differential determination of P. incarnata and P. caerulea in medicinal plants and related herbal drugs. In this investigation, microscopic properties, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and total flavonoids calculated as hyperoside of P. incarnata and P. caerulea were determined. In addition, TLC chromatogram regarding flavonoids and HPLC chromatograms of P. incarnata and P. caerulea ethanol extract, Passipay tablet and drop [Iran Darouk Co.], Passiflora drop and dry extract [Vogel Co.] and Passiflora drop [Curarina Co.] were also compared. No significant difference between total ash, acid-insoluble ash and total flavonoids in two species were found. But they were very different in microscopic properties. TLC and HPLC chromatograms are very different as well. The aerial parts of the two plant species can be well distinguished by microscopic method. The plant extract either itself or in pharmaceutical dosage forms, can be determined by HPLC or TLC methods. Since sample preparation is very simple and doesn't require complex procedures, the above-mentioned methods seem to be efficient

new exhaust ventilation system design software

A Microsoft Windows based ventilation software package is developed to reduce time-consuming and boring procedure of exhaust ventilation system design. This program Assure accurate and reliable air pollution control related calculations. Herein, package is tentatively named Exhaust Ventilation Design Software which is developed in VB6 programming environment. Most important features of Exhaust Ventilation Design Software that are ignored in formerly developed packages are Collector design and fan dimension data calculations. Automatic system balance is another feature of this package. Exhaust Ventilation Design Software algorithm for design is based on two methods: Balance by design [Static pressure balance] and design by Blast gate. The most important section of software is a spreadsheet that is designed based on American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists calculation sheets. Exhaust Ventilation Design Software is developed so that engineers familiar with American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists datasheet can easily employ it for ventilation systems design. Other sections include Collector design section [settling chamber, cyclone, and packed tower], fan geometry and dimension data section, a unit converter section [that helps engineers to deal with units], a hood design section and a Persian HTML help. Psychometric correction is also considered in Exhaust Ventilation Design Software. In Exhaust Ventilation Design Software design process, efforts are focused on improving GUI [graphical user interface] and use of programming standards in software design. Reliability of software has been evaluated and results show acceptable accuracy

Comparison of Lidocaine and magnesium sulfate on hemodynamic changes in response to endotracheal intubation

Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation may produce adverse hemodynamic effects such as hypertension and tachycardia. To attenuate these stimulating responses, various methods and drugs were recommended. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of lidocaine and magnesium sulfate on hemodynamic changes in response to endotracheal intubation. In this study, 100 patients [ASA class I-II] were selected and divided randomly into two groups [50 patients in each group]. Premedication and induction drugs were the same in both groups according to weight. In case group, magnesium sulfates 40mg/kg [50%] and in control group, lidocaine lmg/kg [1%] was used before induction of anesthesia. In both groups, BP and HR checked in all patients and recorded before and after premedication after induction and in the 1st, 3rd, 5th minutes after endotracheal intubation. Data were analyzed by SPSS. T-test was used to compare the mean heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in different time and p<0.05 was considered significant. Two groups were equal in ASA class, frequency distribution of gender and age, HR, systolic and diastolic BP before and after premedication. But decrease in BP and HR after inducation of anesthesia in control group was more than study group [p<0.05]. There were no significant differences between two groups in mean BP and HR in the 1st, 3rd, 5th minutes after endotracheal intubation. Magnesium sulfate and lidocaine have the same effect on attenuating cardiovascular responses to endotracheal intubation

Sequence-Fenton reaction for decreasing Phenol formation during benzene chemical conversion in aqueous solutions

Advanced oxidation processes such as Fenton reagent generates highly reactive hydroxyl free radicals to oxidize various compounds in the water and wastewater. The efficiency of different Fenton-related oxidative processes such as Fenton, solar-Fenton, UV-Fenton and Fenton reactions in different batch reactors was examined using benzene as pollutant in aqueous solutions. A batch study was conducted to optimize parameters like pH, hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, reaction time and ferrous ion concentration governing the Fenton process. The concentrations of produced phenol were measured at the end of the reactions. The role of sequence reaction was tested for decreasing phenol formation during benzene conversion. At optimum conditions, different Fenton-related processes were compared for the degradation of benzene. Increased degradation efficiency was observed in photo-Fenton processes as compared to conventional Fenton process. The formation of phenol in Fenton reaction depended on reaction time, sequence in reaction, purity of hydrogen peroxide and other compounds such as alcohols that contributed into the reaction. In the Fenton process, carboxylic acids like acetic acid and oxalic acid were formed as the end products during the complete degradation of benzene. With the increase in mono-valence, two-valence ions and hardness, Fenton's efficiency decreased, respectively. Sequence Fenton reaction produced less phenol and its end products had smaller COD as compared to conventional Fenton process